Extension file and folder

1. File:
A file is a collection of related information or data. In Microsoft windows Operating System, a file name cab is specified with up to 255 characters. A file name has two main parts: /Name/ and /Extension/.
- File Name. Extension.
E.g.: House .bmp, letter. Doc, track 1.mp3
Each and every file of computer, created using different programs may have their own extension. Therefore, an extension recognizes program form which the file was created. Extension can have maximum 3 characters or not at all, separated from a file name by a /. / called dot or period.
Some popular programs and their file extension are mentioned below:
Program
Extension
Paint or paint it
Bmp
Sound Recorder
Wav
Microsoft word
doc
Microsoft Excel
xls
Microsoft power point
ppt
Microsoft front page or web page
htm
Adobe page-maker
pmd
Adobe photo-shop
psd
Corel DRAW
cdr
Microsoft Access
mdb
Text File
txt
Mp3song file
Mp3

1.1 .Show or Hide file Extension
Process:
Ø Open any folder that contains many document
Ø Click on tools
Ø Click on folder options
Ø Click on view tab
Ø Check or uncheck Hide extension for known file types by clicking it or
Ø Click on Start
Ø Click on Settings
Ø Click on folder options
Ø Click on view tab
Ø Check or uncheck Hide extension for known file types by clicking it
Ø Click on apply
Ø Click on ok
1.2. To create new folder in Desktop
Process:
Ø Right click on empty area of Desktop
Ø Click on New
Ø Click on folder
Ø Type the name for folder
Ø Click on empty place of Desktop
1.3. To delete folder of files
Process:
Ø Right click on file or folder
Ø Click on Delete
Ø Click on yes
1.4. Restore files or folder
Copy the folder into pen Drive
Process:
Ø Open your folder
Ø Right click on your folder
Ø Click on send to> USB
Ø Check your folder by opening
1.7. Copy file or folder
Process:
Ø Right click on file or folder
Ø Click on copy(Ctrl +c)
Ø Choose your place
Ø Open it by double clicking
Ø Right click on empty place
Ø Click on paste(Ctrl +v)
Process:
Ø Open the recycle bin
Ø Choose required file or folder
Ø Right click on it
Ø Click on restore
1.5. To rename file or folder
Process:
Ø Right click on folder
Ø Click on rename
Ø Type the name
Ø Click on empty place
1.8. Find or Search
This window’s options is used to find or
Search files, folder, any program, song,
Picture files etc.
Process:
Ø Click on start
Ø Click on search
Ø Click on file or folder
Ø Type files or folder name in named box
Ø Click on Search

Introduction of Operating System

Operating system is a set of software that provides an interface between the user and the computer system. It acts as interface cum translator between the user and the computer system by coordinating and controlling the flow of information from the computer to the user. A part of operating system is permanently stored in ROM known as BIOS and the other part of the operating system is stored in the disk that is loaded into the working memory of the computer system during the operation of computer.

1. Function of Operation System
- Start the computer
- Interpret the commands given by the user
- Interpret and execute the instructions of application programs
- Control and co-ordinate the peripheral devices of the computer system
- Manage data files and program files that the computer work with
1.1. Some popular Operating System
1. MS- DOS
2. Linux
3. Windows
MS – DOS: The full form of MS - DOS is Microsoft Disk Operating System .It was developed by Microsoft Corporation in 1980 for personal computers. It is the main disk and file management software that facilitates computer and user interaction.DOS environment is a part of memory set aside to hold variables used by DOS and application programs. It does not support multiple users or multitasking.
Linux: Linux is a free operating system that was created by Linux Thorvaldsen when he was a student at the University of Helsinki in 1991 Torvalds started Linux by writing a kernel - the heart of the operating system - party from scratch and party by using publicly available software. Common Linux Features: Multiuser- Not only can you have many user accounts available on a Linux system ,you can also have multiple users logged in and working on the system at the same time .Users can have their own environments arranged the way they want: their own home directory for storing files and their own desktop interface . User account can be password protected, so that users can control who has access to their application and data.
Multitasking -In Linux ,it is possible to have many programs running at the same time , which means that not only can you have many programs running at the same time ,which means that not only can you have many programs going at once ,but that the Linux operating system can itself have programs running in the background. Graphical user Interface - It is powerful framework for working with graphical applications.
Red hat Linux: Having directions of software packages floating extraneously around the Internet were not a bad way for hackers to shares to share software. However , for Linux to be acceptable to a less technical population of computers users ,it needed to be simple to install and use likewise ,business that were thinking about committing their mission critical applications to a computer system would want to know that the system had been carefully tested.

Windows Vista Enterprise: Windows Vista Enterprise is designed to provide higher levels of data protection using hardware -based encryption technology .It also includes tools to improve application compatibility and enables organization to standardize by using a single worldwide deployment image. Windows Vista Enterprise includes windows Bit Locker TM Driver Encryption, a new technology which helps prevent sensitive data and intellectual property from falling into the wrong hands if a computer is lost or stolen. Windows Vista support Multi-language .An interface language controls which language a user sees in the windows start menu in the help system, in built -in management tools, and in windows dialog language in one offering .Access to all worldwide and to deploy individual PCs that simultaneously offer different interface language for different users.
Windows XP: Among the new features available in Windows XP, there are new security tools that you can use to help keep your computer more secure, and new technologies that run in the background, making your computer run in the background, making your computer run more efficiently and reliably. Windows Xp has improved upon security ,including the new security center ,which allows you to check the status of the important security elements on computer - Windows Firewall, Automatic updates ,and virus protection software -making it easier for you to understand how to keep your computer better protected against viruses and other security threats .Performance is at an all -time high .you can now use more programs at the same time and they will run faster than ever . Improvements have also been made on many features that help your computer more effective and useful .for example. You can Remote Desktop to access your work computer and its resources top home, and to view files and documents on your computers desktops from a co-workers computer .with Net meeting you can participate in discussions using audio, video, or chat.

Typeshala, Open and Turnoff computer

Starting Microsoft Windows XP(Opening Computer)
To open the Computer, we should follow the following steps: Ø Please Check the power supply
Ø Press the Power button of CPU Box.
(As you press the power button, the computer checks its memory)
Ø Click on [User Name] and type correct password in [Password] text box.
Ø Then press [Enter] key. If username and password is accepted the Windows Desktop can be seen.
2. Turn off the computer
Ø Click on [start] button on the [Taskbar].
Ø Click on [Turn off Computer].
Ø The following [Turn off Computer]. Dialog box appears.
Ø Click on [turn off].
Ø There will take few seconds to close computer.
(Note: If the power supply system of the computer is AT. You need to press the power the power button OFF. But if it is ATX, the power will OFF automatically.)
3. Restart the Computer
Restart means reloading an Operating System during a computing session.
Ø Click on Start
Ø Click on Turn off computer command
(The same above dialog box, you have used to turn off the computer. appears.)
Ø Click the Restart option.
(Note: There are two processes to restart the operating system. We can also press reset button beside the above process. Reset means to return a system to its initial state. This is an alternate process for reloading the system.)
Typshala
1.Introduction
Typshala is a bilingual typing tutor which covers lessons on English and Devanagari Scripts .It also provides free hand typing and entertains the user with a small game.
Practice lessons
User can type and practice the stored Lessons covering different rows of the keyboards .Typshala divided the Keyboard into Four different rows i.e. four different Lessons ,viz Home Row, Top Row ,Bottom Row ,All Rows .Each Lessons are further divided into three different Levels on the basis of Hard lessons i.e., Levels 1,Levels 2 and Level 3.
1.1.Process:-
Ø Click at Lessons at Menu Bar(ALT+L)
Ø Click at the Required Row in the POP Up Menu
Ø Choose the Required Level (Level 1, Level 2, Level3)
(Note: If this is users first action after loading Typshala , a dialog box will appear for entering user name.)
Ø Type the Text appearing on the screen.
Typshala accepts the correct letters only otherwise a beep sound is heard .As the user finishes typing across the screen, next line appears .The speed (words per minute) is shown on the Tool Bar at the Right corner.
Ø Click at the Required button (home ,Top, Bottom, all)
Ø Click at Level1 or Level 2or Level3 Button
(Note: You can also follow step 2 first and step 1 next.)
Follow step 4 described earlier,
Ø Click at Perform
Ø Click at New User
(New Dialog Box named User Identification Appears which shows the stored names.)
User can do the following things.
Ø Choosing a name
Ø Click at the required name
Ø Click at ok
Ø Renaming
Ø Click at the required name
Ø Click at Renaming
Ø Press ok
warp fevicall

How Computers Work

Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet. The input device also retrieves information off disks.
Output: Output Devices displays information on the screen (monitor) or the printer and sends information to other computers. They also display messages about what errors may have occurred and brings up message or dialog box asking for more information to be input. The output device also saves information on the disk for future use.
Processing: The CPU or central processing unit is sometimes called the Control Unit and directs the operation of the input and output devices. The Coprocessor or the Arithmetic-Logic Unit does arithmetic and comparisons. The memory or RAM temporarily stores information (files and programs) while you are using or working on them. The BIOS or basic input/output system controls the dialogue between the various devices.
Keyboard Layout and Data Entry
ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. Enter also process commands such as choosing an option in a dialog (message) boxes and submitting a form.
DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all highlighted (or selected) text.
BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all highlighted text.
SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right
SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys with two characters on them
CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on)
TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). Tab moves to the next field in a form or table (Shift-Tab for previous field).
ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box
ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around document without changing text
FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS - Access commands by themselves or in combination with the three command keys; CTRL, SHIFT, and ALT
Command or Special Keys
Command keys normally do nothing on their own but work in combination with other keys. Each piece of software uses the command keys differently though there is a move to standardize some functions. The Control key or Ctrl is often used to access commands. The Alternative key or Alt is often used to access menus. The Shift key is used to type CAPITAL LETTERS. As well the command keys are all used to move through documents and edit text faster and easier. As well many computers have Special keys design specifically for the particular computer. Apple computers have the Apple keys and Macs have Command keys. Many keyboards now have a Windows key specifically for Windows 9x and newer systems. Many older computers also have special keys used for a variety of different functions.
Some Notebook or Laptop keys are left out because of space limitations and they usually have a Special function key which allows other keys to double for the missing ones.
Basic Typing Rules
Place one space between each word, after a punctuation mark and at the end of a sentence. Always start a sentence with a capital letter. Use capitals for names, addresses, provinces and countries, places, organizations, businesses, associations, schools, colleges, universities, days of the week, months, holidays, nationalities, ethnic groups and languages.
Learning the keyboard is the first step to learning computers. Learning involves practice. It really is as simple as that. There are two kinds of typing.
The first is called Touch Typing. The Touch Typist uses the Home Keys (asdf for the left hand and jkl; for the right) and all the fingers on both hands as well as the thumbs for the Space Bar while typing. There are many commercial and public domain programs that are designed to teach this method.
The other method is some times called 'Hunt and Peck' or depending on finger strength 'Search and Destroy'. This involves using one or more fingers on one or two hands to type. It is a perfectly acceptable way of using a computer and many people get along fine with this technique.

Software

The programs and instruction and instructions sets that operate the computer are called software or computer programs are collectively known as software. There are different types of software designed to do different tasks that are given below.

Practical computer systems divide software into three major classes:
1. System software
2. Programming software
3. Application software
1.1. System software: System software helps to run the computer hardware and computer systems. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems software is to insulate the applications programming as much as possible from the details of the particulars computer complex being use, especially memory and other hardware features, and such accessory devices as communications, printer, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
1.2. Programming software: Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. An integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a software bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.
1.3. Application software: Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial software, databases, and computer games. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application software, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application software. It is used to automate all sorts of functions.

How Computers Work

Input: Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet. The input device also retrieves information off disks.
Output: Output Devices displays information on the screen (monitor) or the printer and sends information to other computers. They also display messages about what errors may have occurred and brings up message or dialog box asking for more information to be input. The output device also saves information on the disk for future use.
Processing: The CPU or central processing unit is sometimes called the Control Unit and directs the operation of the input and output devices. The Coprocessor or the Arithmetic-Logic Unit does arithmetic and comparisons. The memory or RAM temporarily stores information (files and programs) while you are using or working on them. The BIOS or basic input/output system controls the dialogue between the various devices.
Keyboard Layout and Data EntryENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. Enter also process commands such as choosing an option in a dialog (message) boxes and submitting a form.
DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all highlighted (or selected) text.
BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all highlighted text.
SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right
SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys with two characters on them
CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on)
TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). Tab moves to the next field in a form or table (Shift-Tab for previous field).
ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box
ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around document without changing text
FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS - Access commands by themselves or in combination with the three command keys; CTRL, SHIFT, and ALT

Computer hardware

Computer hardware is the physical of a computer including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is therefore "firm" rather than just "soft").

Personal computer hardware:
A typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in desktop or tower shape and the following parts:
Internal of typical personal computer
Ø CPU cooled by computer fan
Ø CD/DVD drives
Ø Hard disk
Ø Mother board
Ø PCL buses
Ø Graphics card in AGP bus
Ø power supply
Types of Device
Ø Input Device
Ø output Device
Ø Storage Device
Ø processing Device
Ø Mouse
Ø Track Ball
Ø Digital camera
Ø Keyboard
Input Device: The input devices, through which data or instructions are fed into the computer is called input device. Some of the examples of input device are:
Ø web camera
Ø Head phone set
Ø Microphone
Ø Flat Bed scanner

Output Device: It is used to get output or processed information or result from the computer. The data is read by an input unit link keyboard and transformed to appropriate internal code and stored in the memory of the computer. The processed data is sent to an output unit link monitor or printer when commanded by a program. There are two types of output devices such as.
Ø Monitor
Ø Speaker
Ø Printer
Soft output device Monitor, Hard output Devices Printer and plotters
Storage device:
The devices that are used to store the data instruction or information for later retrieval and use are called storage Device. There are two types of storage Device.
Ø CD(compact Disk)
Ø Zink Disk
Ø Floppy Disk
Ø RAM
Ø Hard Disk
Processing Device:
All processing Manipulation, arithmetical and logical operations and temporary or permanent storage are done in this unit. CPU is the brain cum heart of the computer. It consists of the following units:
1. Arithmetical and logical unit (ALU)
2. Control unit(CU)
3. Memory unit(MU)
Arithmetical and logical Unit: All arithmetical and logical operations are performed in this unit. Arithmetical operation means addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation and logical operations memory form ALU after the completion of all operations.
Control unit: Control unit is the never unit of the computer. The work of control units is to control over all the units.
Memory unit: It stores data and instructions, intermediate results in the working time of computer.
Other Devices:
Ø Uninterruptible power supply
Ø Power Extension cord
Ø Modem card
Ø Printer cable
Ø Don’t – matrix printer's Ribbon
Ø Processor with cooling fan
Ø Jack
Ø Multimedia projector
Ø Bubble jet / Ink jet printer's cartridge
Parts of CPU
1. Housing
2. CD/ VDC/ DVD Drive
3. Floppy Disk drive
4. Power on/off button
5. Restart Button
6. Led Indicator